Modular Frontend Monoliths: Scalable React & Angular Apps Without Microfrontends

Building large-scale web applications doesn’t always require splitting everything into microfrontends. Modular frontend monoliths offer a middle ground that combines the simplicity of a single deployment with the organizational benefits of modular design.

This guide is for frontend developers, tech leads, and engineering teams managing growing React or Angular applications who want better code organization without the complexity of distributed systems. If you’re dealing with mounting technical debt, struggling with team coordination on a shared codebase, or questioning whether microfrontends are overkill for your project, this approach might be exactly what you need.

We’ll explore how modular frontend architecture creates clear boundaries within your application while maintaining the benefits of a unified codebase. You’ll learn practical strategies for building scalable React applications and designing Angular applications with modular principles that multiple teams can work on without stepping on each other’s toes.

The key topics we’ll cover include setting up module boundaries that actually work in practice, smart dependency management techniques that prevent your codebase from becoming a tangled mess, and proven performance optimization techniques for large monolithic apps that keep your application fast as it grows.

Understanding Modular Frontend Monoliths vs Microfrontends

Define modular monoliths and their architectural benefits

A modular frontend monolith represents a unified application architecture where code is organized into well-defined, loosely-coupled modules that share a single runtime environment. Unlike traditional monoliths where features are tightly interwoven, modular monoliths maintain clear boundaries between different functional areas while preserving the simplicity of deploying and managing a single application.

The architectural benefits of modular frontend architecture extend far beyond simple code organization. Each module operates with its own distinct responsibility, making the codebase more maintainable and easier to understand. Teams can work on different modules simultaneously without stepping on each other’s toes, while still benefiting from shared infrastructure, build processes, and deployment pipelines.

React monolithic applications excel in this approach through well-structured component hierarchies and context providers that create natural module boundaries. Angular modular design takes this concept even further with its built-in module system, allowing developers to create feature modules that encapsulate components, services, and routing in isolated packages.

Compare complexity levels between modular and micro approaches

The complexity landscape between modular monoliths and microfrontends differs dramatically in both initial setup and long-term maintenance. Modular monoliths require upfront investment in establishing clear module boundaries and communication patterns, but this complexity remains largely contained within the development phase.

Microfrontends introduce operational complexity that extends far beyond development. Teams must handle multiple deployment pipelines, version compatibility across different applications, cross-application state management, and complex integration testing scenarios. The infrastructure overhead includes managing multiple build processes, coordinating releases, and ensuring consistent user experiences across independently developed fragments.

Development teams working with modular React applications can leverage shared tooling, consistent coding standards, and unified testing strategies. The debugging experience remains straightforward since the entire application runs in a single context, making it easier to trace issues across module boundaries.

Scalable React applications using modular architecture avoid the network overhead and runtime complexity that microfrontends introduce through module federation or iframe-based integration. The single bundle approach, while potentially larger, eliminates the unpredictable loading times and potential failures that come with dynamically loading remote modules.

Identify when modular monoliths outperform microfrontends

Modular monoliths shine in scenarios where team coordination costs outweigh the benefits of independent deployments. Organizations with fewer than five frontend teams often find that the communication overhead of maintaining separate microfrontend applications exceeds the productivity gains from autonomous development.

The frontend monolith vs microfrontends debate becomes clearer when considering release cycles and feature interdependencies. Applications requiring frequent cross-feature interactions, shared state management, or synchronized user workflows benefit significantly from the unified runtime environment that modular monoliths provide.

Performance considerations strongly favor modular approaches for user-facing applications where initial load time and runtime efficiency matter more than independent scalability. The overhead of loading multiple JavaScript bundles, establishing communication channels between microfrontends, and managing shared dependencies often results in slower, less responsive user experiences.

Modular Angular apps particularly excel in enterprise environments where consistent design systems, shared authentication flows, and integrated reporting requirements make the tight coupling of a monolith more valuable than the loose coupling of distributed architectures.

Evaluate team structure requirements for each approach

Team structure requirements reveal stark differences between these architectural approaches. Modular monoliths work best with teams that can collaborate effectively on shared codebases and agree on common standards for code quality, testing, and documentation. The success of this approach depends heavily on establishing clear ownership boundaries within the shared repository.

Large scale frontend development using modular architecture requires fewer specialized DevOps skills compared to microfrontend approaches. Teams can focus on feature development rather than distributed systems management, containerization, and service mesh configuration that microfrontends often demand.

The communication patterns between teams also differ significantly. Modular monolith teams need strong coordination during development phases but can operate more independently during feature planning and design phases. Microfrontend teams require ongoing coordination to manage API contracts, shared component libraries, and integration points that span multiple applications.

Angular modular principles naturally support team structures organized around business domains rather than technical capabilities. Feature teams can own entire vertical slices of functionality while still contributing to a cohesive application experience, striking a balance between autonomy and integration that many organizations find optimal for their development workflows.

Building Scalable Module Architecture in React Applications

Implement feature-based folder structures for better organization

Feature-based folder structures transform how React applications handle complexity as they grow. Instead of grouping files by type (components, containers, services), this approach organizes code around business features or domains. Each feature becomes a self-contained module with its own components, hooks, utilities, and tests.

A typical feature structure looks like this:

src/
├── features/
│   ├── authentication/
│   │   ├── components/
│   │   ├── hooks/
│   │   ├── services/
│   │   ├── types/
│   │   └── index.ts
│   ├── dashboard/
│   │   ├── components/
│   │   ├── hooks/
│   │   ├── utils/
│   │   └── index.ts
│   └── user-management/
├── shared/
│   ├── components/
│   ├── hooks/
│   ├── utils/
│   └── types/

This React module architecture makes finding and modifying code intuitive. Developers know exactly where authentication logic lives, making onboarding faster and reducing context switching. Each feature exports only what other modules need through its index file, creating natural boundaries that prevent tight coupling.

The shared folder houses truly reusable elements – components used across multiple features, common utilities, and shared TypeScript types. This prevents duplication while keeping feature modules focused on their specific domain logic.

Create reusable component libraries with consistent APIs

Building reusable component libraries within modular React applications requires thoughtful API design and consistent patterns. These components form the building blocks that features use to maintain visual and functional consistency across the application.

Start with a design system that defines core principles:

• Consistent prop naming: Use isLoading instead of mixing loading, pending, and isLoading across components
• Standard event handling: Always use onSomething for event props (onClick, onSubmit, onChange)
• Predictable sizing: Implement size variants (small, medium, large) consistently across all components

// Good component API design
interface ButtonProps {
  variant: 'primary' | 'secondary' | 'danger';
  size: 'small' | 'medium' | 'large';
  isLoading?: boolean;
  isDisabled?: boolean;
  onClick: (event: MouseEvent) => void;
  children: ReactNode;
}

Component composition becomes powerful when each piece follows the same patterns. A Modal component should accept the same size variants as Button. Form components should handle validation and error states identically.

Documentation lives alongside components, often using tools like Storybook to showcase usage patterns. This creates a living style guide that teams can reference and contribute to. Each component includes examples of common use cases, making adoption straightforward for developers working on different features.

Version your component library internally, even within a monolithic application. This allows features to migrate to new component versions gradually, preventing breaking changes from disrupting development workflows.

Establish clear module boundaries and communication patterns

Module boundaries define how different parts of your React application interact without creating unwanted dependencies. Clear boundaries prevent the architectural decay that makes large applications difficult to maintain and scale.

Import rules create the foundation. Features should never import directly from other features’ internal folders. All communication happens through public APIs defined in index files:

// ❌ Bad - direct internal import
import { UserService } from '../user-management/services/UserService';

// ✅ Good - public API import
import { UserService } from '../user-management';

Event-driven communication works well for loose coupling between modules. A notification system, custom events, or a simple event emitter allows modules to communicate without direct dependencies. When a user completes registration, the authentication module publishes an event that other interested modules can subscribe to.

Shared contracts define interfaces that multiple modules implement. This allows dependency inversion – higher-level modules depend on abstractions rather than concrete implementations. A payment feature might define a PaymentProvider interface that different payment gateways implement.

Dependency injection patterns help manage complex interactions. Rather than hardcoding dependencies, modules receive them as parameters or through context. This makes testing easier and keeps modules focused on their core responsibilities.

Module boundaries also apply to styling. Each feature manages its own styles, importing shared design tokens and utility functions from the shared folder. This prevents style conflicts and makes it easier to maintain visual consistency.

Design shared state management across application modules

Shared state management in modular React applications balances global accessibility with module isolation. The goal is making data available where needed without creating tight coupling between unrelated features.

Context API works well for domain-specific state. Create separate contexts for different domains rather than one massive global context:

// Separate contexts for different concerns
const AuthContext = createContext();
const ThemeContext = createContext();
const NotificationContext = createContext();

State managers like Zustand or Redux Toolkit excel at complex shared state. Structure stores to match your feature organization. Each feature can have its own slice while sharing common data through well-defined selectors:

// Feature-based store organization
const useStore = create((set, get) => ({
  auth: {
    user: null,
    isAuthenticated: false,
    // auth-specific actions
  },
  dashboard: {
    metrics: [],
    filters: {},
    // dashboard-specific actions
  }
}));

Custom hooks abstract state access patterns. Instead of letting components access stores directly, create hooks that encapsulate the logic:

const useCurrentUser = () => {
  const { user, isAuthenticated } = useStore(state => state.auth);
  return { user, isAuthenticated };
};

This approach lets you change underlying state management without affecting components throughout the application. You might start with Context API and migrate to Redux later without touching component code.

State synchronization between modules happens through clearly defined interfaces. When the user profile updates in the user management module, other modules receive notifications through the established communication patterns rather than direct state manipulation.

Cache management becomes important in larger applications. Features should own their data fetching and caching logic while sharing common patterns through custom hooks or higher-order components.

Designing Angular Applications with Modular Principles

Leverage Angular’s built-in module system for feature separation

Angular’s module system provides a natural foundation for creating well-organized modular frontend architecture. The framework’s NgModule decorator allows you to encapsulate components, services, and pipes into logical units that represent distinct business features. When designing Angular modular apps, create feature modules that align with your application’s domain boundaries rather than technical concerns.

Start by establishing a clear module hierarchy with a core module for singleton services, shared modules for common components, and feature modules for specific business functionality. Each feature module should contain everything needed for that particular area of your application – components, services, guards, and resolvers. This approach keeps related code together while maintaining clear boundaries between different parts of your application.

Consider creating barrel exports for each module to simplify imports and maintain clean APIs between modules. Your feature modules should avoid direct dependencies on other feature modules, instead relying on shared services or the core module for communication. This separation makes your Angular application structure more maintainable and allows teams to work independently on different features without stepping on each other’s toes.

Implement lazy loading strategies for improved performance

Lazy loading transforms your Angular modular design from a potentially heavy single bundle into a responsive, performant application. Angular’s router makes lazy loading straightforward through loadChildren syntax, but implementing it effectively requires strategic planning around your module boundaries.

Design your routing configuration to lazy load feature modules only when users navigate to those sections. This dramatically reduces your initial bundle size and improves time-to-interactive metrics. Create loading modules for complex features that might take time to download, giving users immediate feedback while the module loads in the background.

Consider implementing preloading strategies for modules that users are likely to visit next. Angular provides built-in preloading strategies like PreloadAllModules, but you can create custom strategies based on user behavior patterns. For example, preload administrative modules only for users with admin roles, or preload frequently accessed features based on analytics data.

Organize your lazy-loaded modules around user workflows rather than technical architecture. A user management feature should include all related functionality – listing users, editing profiles, and managing permissions – in a single lazy-loaded module rather than splitting these across multiple modules.

Create shared services for cross-module communication

Shared services act as the communication backbone for your modular Angular apps, enabling different parts of your application to interact without creating tight coupling. Design these services with clear interfaces and well-defined responsibilities to maintain the benefits of modular architecture.

Create a central state management service or integrate with NgRx for complex applications that need to share data across multiple modules. This service should expose observables for reactive data flow and provide methods for updating shared state. Avoid direct module-to-module dependencies by routing all communication through these shared services.

Implement event-driven communication patterns for loose coupling between modules. Create services that emit events when significant actions occur, allowing other modules to react without knowing about each other’s existence. This pattern works particularly well for notifications, user actions, and data synchronization across different parts of your application.

Design your shared services to be injectable at different levels depending on their scope. Singleton services for application-wide state should be provided in the root injector, while feature-specific shared services can be scoped to their respective modules. This approach optimizes memory usage and ensures services are only instantiated when needed.

Structure routing architecture for modular navigation

A well-designed routing architecture supports your modular structure while providing intuitive navigation for users. Organize your routes to mirror your module hierarchy, creating logical URL structures that reflect your application’s features and user workflows.

Implement child routing within feature modules to maintain encapsulation while supporting complex navigation scenarios. Each feature module should define its own routing configuration, including guards, resolvers, and route data that’s specific to that feature. This keeps routing logic close to the features it supports and makes it easier to understand navigation flow within each module.

Create route guards at the module level to handle authentication, authorization, and data loading requirements. These guards can prevent unnecessary module loading and provide better user experience by handling access control before lazy loading occurs. Implement canLoad guards for lazy-loaded modules to prevent unauthorized users from even downloading module code.

Design your routing structure to support deep linking and browser back/forward functionality across all your modules. Each significant state in your application should have a corresponding route, making it easy for users to bookmark specific views and navigate using browser controls.

Optimize bundle splitting without complexity overhead

Bundle optimization in Angular modular design balances performance benefits with development complexity. Angular CLI’s built-in webpack configuration handles most bundle splitting automatically, but you can optimize further by understanding how your modules affect bundle generation.

Configure your build process to create vendor bundles for third-party libraries that don’t change frequently. This allows browsers to cache these dependencies separately from your application code, improving loading performance for returning users. Use webpack bundle analyzer tools to understand your bundle composition and identify opportunities for optimization.

Implement dynamic imports for large libraries that are only used in specific scenarios. Instead of importing heavy libraries at the module level, load them dynamically when specific features are accessed. This technique works well for charting libraries, rich text editors, or other specialized components that aren’t needed for core application functionality.

Monitor your bundle sizes over time to prevent bundle bloat as your application grows. Set up automated checks in your build pipeline to alert when bundle sizes exceed defined thresholds. This proactive approach helps maintain performance characteristics as your modular Angular apps scale up with new features and team members.

Managing Dependencies and Code Sharing Between Modules

Establish dependency injection patterns for loose coupling

Building a modular frontend architecture demands careful attention to how modules communicate with each other. Dependency injection patterns become your best friend here, allowing modules to receive their dependencies from external sources rather than creating them internally. This approach prevents tight coupling between modules and makes your codebase much more flexible.

In React applications, you can implement dependency injection through context providers and custom hooks. Create dedicated context providers for shared services like API clients, authentication, or logging utilities. Each module can then consume these services without knowing their implementation details. For example, instead of importing an API client directly in every component, inject it through a context provider that modules can access when needed.

Angular naturally supports dependency injection through its built-in DI system. Take advantage of Angular’s hierarchical injector to provide different implementations of services at various levels. Create abstract base classes or interfaces for your services, then provide concrete implementations that modules can inject. This pattern allows you to swap implementations easily during testing or when requirements change.

Consider using factory patterns alongside dependency injection for complex scenarios. Factories can create different implementations based on configuration or environment variables, giving you runtime flexibility without hardcoding dependencies. This approach particularly shines when different modules need slightly different behaviors from the same service.

Create shared utility libraries accessible across modules

Shared utility libraries form the backbone of successful modular frontend monoliths. These libraries house common functionality that multiple modules need, preventing code duplication and ensuring consistency across your application. The key lies in designing these libraries with clear boundaries and well-defined interfaces.

Start by identifying common patterns across your modules. Look for repeated code in data validation, formatting utilities, HTTP interceptors, or UI helpers. Extract these into dedicated packages within your monorepo structure. Each utility library should focus on a single responsibility – create separate packages for different concerns like date utilities, validation helpers, or API abstractions.

Design your shared libraries with backward compatibility in mind. Use semantic versioning to communicate changes clearly to consuming modules. When you need to introduce breaking changes, provide migration guides and consider maintaining multiple versions temporarily to give teams time to update their modules.

Establish clear ownership and governance for shared libraries. Designate maintainers who understand the needs of different modules and can make decisions about API changes. Create documentation that explains not just how to use the libraries, but also their design principles and contribution guidelines. This documentation becomes crucial as your team grows and new developers join the project.

Consider creating different tiers of shared libraries. Core utilities that rarely change can have stricter change policies, while experimental or rapidly evolving utilities might follow different versioning strategies. This tiered approach gives you flexibility while maintaining stability where needed.

Implement version control strategies for internal packages

Managing versions of internal packages requires a different approach than handling external dependencies. Your internal packages evolve rapidly and need coordination between teams working on different modules. Effective version control strategies prevent integration headaches and keep development moving smoothly.

Adopt a monorepo approach with tools like Lerna, Nx, or Rush to manage multiple packages within a single repository. These tools handle dependency linking, version bumping, and publishing workflows automatically. They also provide powerful features like dependency graphing and affected project detection, which speed up builds and tests by only running them for changed packages.

Implement automated versioning based on conventional commits. When developers follow commit message conventions, tools can automatically determine version bumps – patch for bug fixes, minor for new features, and major for breaking changes. This automation reduces human error and ensures consistent versioning across all your internal packages.

Set up continuous integration pipelines that validate changes across the entire dependency graph. When someone updates a shared utility, automatically test all consuming modules to catch integration issues early. Use matrix builds to test different combinations of package versions, ensuring compatibility across your module ecosystem.

Consider using release trains for coordinated updates across multiple packages. Instead of releasing packages individually whenever changes occur, group related changes into scheduled releases. This approach reduces the frequency of updates that consuming modules need to handle while still allowing critical bug fixes to go out immediately when needed.

Create clear policies around breaking changes and deprecation cycles. Establish timelines for removing deprecated functionality and provide clear migration paths. Use TypeScript or other static analysis tools to help identify usage of deprecated APIs across your codebase, making updates more manageable for development teams.

Performance Optimization Techniques for Large Monolithic Apps

Implement code splitting strategies at the module level

Module-level code splitting transforms how large React monolithic applications handle performance. Instead of loading your entire application at once, you can split code along module boundaries, creating natural breakpoints that align with your feature sets.

Dynamic imports work exceptionally well for modular frontend architecture. When users navigate to a specific feature module, only that module’s code loads, reducing initial bundle sizes significantly. React.lazy() and Suspense components make this straightforward to implement across different modules.

Consider organizing your routes to match module boundaries. Each major feature becomes its own dynamically imported chunk, allowing users to download only what they need when they need it. This approach works particularly well for dashboard applications where users might only access specific sections during their sessions.

Webpack’s SplitChunksPlugin can automatically identify shared dependencies between modules and create separate chunks for common code. This prevents duplication while maintaining the benefits of module-level splitting.

Optimize bundle sizes through tree shaking and dead code elimination

Tree shaking removes unused code from your final bundles, but it requires strategic planning in modular applications. Modern bundlers like Webpack and Rollup excel at eliminating dead code when you follow ES6 module patterns consistently throughout your codebase.

Export only what you need from each module. Large utility libraries often include functions you’ll never use, so prefer named imports over default imports when possible. Libraries like Lodash offer ES6 modules that work particularly well with tree shaking when imported selectively.

Module boundaries provide natural opportunities for tree shaking optimization. When each module exports a clean interface with minimal surface area, bundlers can more effectively identify and remove unused code paths.

Configure your build tools to eliminate dead code aggressively. Enable production mode optimizations, use the sideEffects: false flag in package.json when appropriate, and ensure your TypeScript or Babel configurations preserve ES6 modules for the bundler.

Create efficient caching mechanisms for shared resources

Smart caching strategies become critical as your monolithic frontend applications grow larger. Browser caching, service workers, and application-level caching all play important roles in maintaining performance across module boundaries.

Implement a versioning strategy for shared modules and resources. When common components or utilities change, only the affected modules need cache invalidation. This granular approach prevents unnecessary re-downloads across your entire application.

Service workers can cache module chunks intelligently, prefetching likely-needed modules based on user behavior patterns. This proactive caching significantly improves perceived performance when users navigate between different application sections.

Consider implementing a cache-first strategy for static assets and a network-first approach for dynamic module content. This hybrid approach balances performance with freshness, especially important for applications that update frequently.

Design progressive loading patterns for better user experience

Progressive loading transforms how users experience large React applications and Angular modular apps. Instead of showing blank screens while modules load, create smooth transitions that guide users through the loading process.

Skeleton screens work exceptionally well for module-level loading. Design placeholder content that matches your module’s layout, giving users immediate visual feedback while the actual content loads in the background. This technique significantly improves perceived performance.

Implement priority-based loading for different module types. Core navigation and user interface elements should load first, followed by feature modules based on user likelihood to access them. Analytics data can inform these loading priorities over time.

Create loading boundaries that align with your module structure. Each major feature can have its own loading state, allowing parts of your application to become interactive while other sections continue loading. This incremental approach keeps users engaged rather than waiting for everything to load simultaneously.

Consider prefetching strategies that anticipate user needs. When users hover over navigation elements or show other intent signals, begin loading those modules in the background. This predictive loading creates nearly instant transitions between modules when users actually navigate.

Team Collaboration and Development Workflows

Structure teams around feature modules rather than technical layers

Traditional frontend development often organizes teams by technical expertise – one team handles components, another manages state, and a third focuses on APIs. This approach breaks down when building modular frontend architecture because it creates artificial boundaries that don’t align with actual product features.

Feature-based teams work differently. Each team owns complete vertical slices of functionality, from UI components to data management within their specific domain. For React monolithic applications, this means a checkout team owns everything related to payment processing, cart management, and order confirmation. An inventory team handles product catalogs, search functionality, and availability tracking.

This structure brings several advantages to large scale frontend development:

• Reduced communication overhead: Teams make decisions independently without constant cross-team coordination
• Faster iteration cycles: Changes within a feature module don’t require approval from multiple technical teams
• Clear accountability: When bugs occur or performance degrades, responsibility is obvious
• Domain expertise: Team members develop deep understanding of specific business areas

The key is ensuring each feature module maintains clean interfaces with other parts of the application. Teams need shared contracts for data exchange and communication protocols, but the internal implementation remains their domain.

Establish code ownership boundaries within the monolithic structure

Code ownership in modular frontend monoliths requires careful boundary definition without the hard separation that microfrontends provide. Each feature module should have designated owners who approve changes, review pull requests, and maintain code quality standards within their domain.

CODEOWNERS files become essential tools for managing these boundaries. They automatically assign reviewers based on file paths and ensure that changes to critical shared utilities get proper oversight. For Angular modular apps, this might mean the core team owns shared services while feature teams own their specific modules.

Ownership boundaries should follow these principles:

• Module-level ownership: Teams own entire feature modules, not individual files
• Shared resource governance: Cross-cutting concerns like design systems need dedicated stewards
• API contract stability: Interface changes require approval from consuming teams
• Documentation responsibility: Owners maintain module documentation and usage guidelines

Creating these boundaries prevents the common monolithic problem where everyone owns everything, leading to inconsistent code quality and conflicting architectural decisions. Teams can innovate within their modules while maintaining overall system coherence.

Implement testing strategies that support modular development

Testing strategies for modular frontend development need to balance independence with integration concerns. Each module should have comprehensive unit and integration tests that run independently, but the overall system needs end-to-end validation to ensure modules work together correctly.

Module-level testing focuses on internal functionality without external dependencies. Teams write tests for their components, services, and business logic using mocked interfaces to other modules. This approach enables fast feedback cycles and allows teams to validate changes without running the entire application.

Contract testing becomes crucial for maintaining module boundaries. Teams define explicit interfaces between modules and write tests that validate these contracts. When the inventory module changes its product data structure, contract tests catch breaking changes before they affect the checkout module.

Integration testing strategies include:

• Smoke tests: Validate critical user journeys across multiple modules
• Performance testing: Ensure module interactions don’t create bottlenecks
• Visual regression testing: Catch unintended UI changes when modules update
• Dependency validation: Verify shared utilities work correctly across all consuming modules

The testing pipeline should allow teams to merge changes confidently while preventing integration issues. Fast module-level tests provide immediate feedback, while comprehensive integration tests run on main branch merges to catch system-level problems.

Teams should also implement feature flags and gradual rollouts to reduce risk when deploying modular changes. This approach allows rolling back problematic changes quickly without affecting the entire application.

Modular frontend monoliths offer a sweet spot between the complexity of microfrontends and the limitations of traditional monolithic applications. By organizing your React or Angular apps into well-defined modules, you can achieve better code separation, easier maintenance, and improved team collaboration without the overhead of managing multiple deployments. The key lies in establishing clear module boundaries, implementing smart dependency management, and maintaining consistent development workflows across your team.

Ready to transform your frontend architecture? Start by identifying natural feature boundaries in your current application and gradually refactoring them into independent modules. Focus on creating shared libraries for common functionality and establish clear communication patterns between modules. Your future self (and your teammates) will thank you for building a codebase that scales gracefully while remaining manageable and performant.